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                        第8章 Python函数
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                <p>函数是所有语言中都具备的基本代码组织结构。函数的重要性不言而喻。而对于Python来说，函数的用法及其灵活，远比其他语言要强大很多。本章节讲详细讲述Python函数的定义、调用、序列解包、必须参数、关键字参数、默认参数等诸多内容。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<h3 id="8-1-认识函数"><a class="header-anchor" href="#8-1-认识函数"></a>8-1 认识函数</h3>
<p>特点：</p>
<ol>
<li>功能性</li>
<li>隐藏细节</li>
<li>避免编写重复的代码</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="8-2-函数的定义及运行特点"><a class="header-anchor" href="#8-2-函数的定义及运行特点"></a>8-2 函数的定义及运行特点</h3>
<pre><code class="language-python">def funcname(parameter_list):
    pass
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>参数列表可以没有</li>
<li><code>return result</code></li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>如果函数内没有<code>return</code>语句的话，<code>Python</code>会默认函数返回的是 <code>None</code>。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>写两个函数示例：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">def add(x, y):
    result = x + y
    return result

def print(code):
    print(code)


add(1, 2)
print('python')
-----------------------------
运行结果：
[Running] python -u &quot;/Users/Untitled-10.py&quot;
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File &quot;/Users/Untitled-10.py&quot;, line 10, in &lt;module&gt;
    print('python')
  File &quot;/Users/Untitled-10.py&quot;, line 6, in print
    print(code)
  File &quot;/Users/Untitled-10.py&quot;, line 6, in print
    print(code)
  File &quot;/Users/Untitled-10.py&quot;, line 6, in print
    print(code)
  [Previous line repeated 995 more times]
RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded

[Done] exited with code=1 in 0.117 seconds
</code></pre>
<p>上述错误表示程序在执行到第6行的时候遇到的循环执行，并且超过了递归的最大深度。因为 <code>print</code>函数内部调用 <code>print</code>导致了无限循环。现在的一些语言里会检测到自己调用自己的行为，<code>Python</code>为了防止你写错代码导致自己调用自己的无限递归，给开发者做出了一个默认的设置，<code>[Previous line repeated 995 more times]</code>这里提示这行代码已经运行超过了995次，非常的贴心，换句话说 <code>Python</code>将递归的次数限制在995次以内。995次并不是一个确定的值，系统不一样递归次数的限制也会不一样。另外<code>Python</code>可以设置最大的递归的层数。示例：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">import sys

# 将递归深度限制设置为500
sys.setrecursionlimit(500)

def add(x, y):
    result = x + y
    return result

def print(code):
    print(code)


add(1, 2)
print('python')
--------------------------------
[Running] python -u &quot;/Users/Untitled-10.py&quot;
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File &quot;/Users/Untitled-10.py&quot;, line 14, in &lt;module&gt;
    print('python')
  File &quot;/Users/Untitled-10.py&quot;, line 10, in print
    print(code)
  File &quot;/Users/Untitled-10.py&quot;, line 10, in print
    print(code)
  File &quot;/Users/Untitled-10.py&quot;, line 10, in print
    print(code)
  [Previous line repeated 495 more times]
RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded

[Done] exited with code=1 in 0.099 seconds
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-python">def add(x, y):
    result = x + y
    return result

def new_print(code):
    print(code)


a = add(1, 2)
b = new_print('python')
print(a, b)
-----------------------------
[Running] python -u &quot;/Users/Untitled-10.py&quot;
python
3 None

[Done] exited with code=0 in 0.162 seconds
</code></pre>
<p>代码解释：</p>
<p>先得到 <code>a</code> 在得到 <code>b</code>，在得到 <code>b</code> 的过程中 会打印 <code>Python</code>，最后执行 <code>print</code>语句打印 <code>a</code> 和 <code>b</code>。</p>
<h3 id="8-3-如何让函数返回多个结果"><a class="header-anchor" href="#8-3-如何让函数返回多个结果"></a>8-3 如何让函数返回多个结果</h3>
<p><code>return result1, result2, result3, ...</code>：返回类型是 <code>tuple</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-python">def Damage(skill1, skill2):
    damage1 = skill1 * 3
    damage2 = skill2 * 2
    return damage1, damage2

damages = Damage(1, 2)
print(damages[0], damages[1])
print(type(damages))
----------------------------
[Running] python -u &quot;/Users/Untitled-11.py&quot;
3 4
&lt;class 'tuple'&gt;

[Done] exited with code=0 in 0.086 seconds
</code></pre>
<p>上述使用切片的方式来获取元组的元素是没有错的，但是这种方式非常不好，可读性差，因为过段时间你过来看可能就看不懂了，或者看起来比较麻烦。下面这种方式就大大提高了代码的可读性：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">def Damage(skill1, skill2):
    damage1 = skill1 * 3
    damage2 = skill2 * 2
    return damage1, damage2

skill1_damage, skill2_damage = Damage(1, 2)
print(skill1_damage, skill2_damage)
--------------------------------------------
[Running] python -u &quot;/Users/Untitled-11.py&quot;
3 4

[Done] exited with code=0 in 0.086 seconds
</code></pre>
<p>上述代码中变量的意义就是明确的一眼就能看出。</p>
<h3 id="8-4-序列解包与链式赋值"><a class="header-anchor" href="#8-4-序列解包与链式赋值"></a>8-4 序列解包与链式赋值</h3>
<h4 id="序列解包"><a class="header-anchor" href="#序列解包"></a>序列解包</h4>
<ul>
<li>解包时要求左右元素相等，否则会报错</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-python"># 打包
A = 1, 2, 3
print(type(A))
# 解包
a, b, c = A

B = [4, 5, 6]
print(type(B))
d, e, f = B

print(a, b, c, d, e, f)
------------------------------
[Running] python -u &quot;/Users/Untitled-12.py&quot;
&lt;class 'tuple'&gt;
&lt;class 'list'&gt;
1 2 3 4 5 6

[Done] exited with code=0 in 0.1 seconds
</code></pre>
<h4 id="链式赋值"><a class="header-anchor" href="#链式赋值"></a>链式赋值</h4>
<pre><code class="language-python">a = b = c =1
print(a, b, c)
-------------------------------
[Running] python -u &quot;/Users/Untitled-13.py&quot;
1 1 1

[Done] exited with code=0 in 0.112 seconds
</code></pre>
<h3 id="8-5-必须参数与关键字参数"><a class="header-anchor" href="#8-5-必须参数与关键字参数"></a>8-5 必须参数与关键字参数</h3>
<h4 id="必须参数"><a class="header-anchor" href="#必须参数"></a>必须参数</h4>
<ul>
<li>形参：如下代码中 <code>add</code>函数定义的<code>x</code>、<code>y</code>参数被称为形式参数，简称形参。</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-python">def add(x, y):
    result = x + y
    return result

def new_print(code):
    print(code)


a = add(1, 2)
b = new_print('python')
print(a, b)
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>实参：函数在调用的时候，参数列表里传入参数的实际取值，被称为实际参数，简称实参。如上例<code>add</code>函数被调用时传入的<code>1</code>、<code>2</code>。</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>实参的顺序必须与形参的顺序相同。如果不按照顺序传，必须使用关键字参数。</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="关键字参数"><a class="header-anchor" href="#关键字参数"></a>关键字参数</h4>
<p>关键字参数可以让你在函数调用的时候告诉<code>Python</code>你所传入的实参到底是给哪个形参。</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">a = add(y=1, x=2)
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>可以不按照顺序传参</li>
<li>代码可读性增强</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-python">def add(x, y):
    result = x + y
    return result

def new_print(code):
    print(code)


a = add(y=1, x=2)
b = new_print('python')
print(a, b)
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>关键字参数与位置参数混在一起调用的时候，<strong>位置参数</strong>必须按顺序放在最前面</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-python">def student_profile(name, gender='男', age=18, school='人民路小学'):
    print('我叫' + str(name))
    print('我是' + str(gender) + '生')
    print('我今年' + str(age)+'岁')
    print('我在' + str(school) + '上学')


# student_profile('小王', gender='男', age=16, school='青春小学')
student_profile('小王', gender='男', 16, school='青春小学')
# student_profile('小王', '男', age=16, school='青春小学')
----------------------------------------------------------------------
运行结果：
  File &quot;/Users/Untitled-14.py&quot;, line 9
    student_profile('小王', gender='男', 16, school='青春小学')
                                           ^
SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
</code></pre>
<p>上述代码出现语法错误：位置参数跟在了关键字参数后面。关键字参数与位置参数在一起调用的时候必须将位置参数放在前面，改成下面这样就能正确运行了。</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">def student_profile(name, gender='男', age=18, school='人民路小学'):
    print('我叫' + str(name))
    print('我是' + str(gender) + '生')
    print('我今年' + str(age)+'岁')
    print('我在' + str(school) + '上学')


# student_profile('小王', gender='男', age=16, school='青春小学')
# student_profile('小王', gender='男', 16, school='青春小学')
student_profile('小王', '男', age=16, school='青春小学')
---------------------------------------------------------------------
运行结果：
我叫小王
我是男生
我今年16岁
我在青春小学上学
</code></pre>
<h3 id="8-6-默认参数"><a class="header-anchor" href="#8-6-默认参数"></a>8-6 默认参数</h3>
<ul>
<li>默认参数必须放在必须参数之后</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="8-7-可变参数"><a class="header-anchor" href="#8-7-可变参数"></a>8-7 可变参数</h3>
<h3 id="8-8-关键字可变参数"><a class="header-anchor" href="#8-8-关键字可变参数"></a>8-8 关键字可变参数</h3>
<h3 id="8-9-变量作用域"><a class="header-anchor" href="#8-9-变量作用域"></a>8-9 变量作用域</h3>
<h3 id="8-10-作用域链"><a class="header-anchor" href="#8-10-作用域链"></a>8-10 作用域链</h3>
<h3 id="8-11-global关键字"><a class="header-anchor" href="#8-11-global关键字"></a>8-11 global关键字</h3>
<h3 id="8-12-划算还是不划算"><a class="header-anchor" href="#8-12-划算还是不划算"></a>8-12 划算还是不划算</h3>

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9-1 类的定义
class ClassName(object):
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Life 
                        
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